主题：希伯莱语

Hebrew Language
希伯莱语

The Hebrew alphabet is either of two distinct Semitic alphabets - the Early Hebrew and the Classical, or Square, Hebrew.
希伯莱语字母是两种独特的闪米特语字母的其中之一 ——早期希伯莱语和古典，或者是正规希伯莱语

Hebrew is written from right to left, rather than left to right as in English, so Alef is the first letter of the Hebrew alphabet and Tav is the last. The Hebrew alphabet is often called the "alefbet," because of its first two letters.
希伯莱语是从右往左书写，而不是英语的从左往右，Alef是希伯莱字母中的头一个字母，Tav是最后一个。由于它的头两个字母的关系，希伯莱语字母又常常被称为"alefbet,"。

The Hebrew alphabet has 22 letters.
希伯莱语字母表有22个字母

There are two versions of some letters. Kaf, Mem, Nun, Pe and Tzade all are written differently when they appear at the end of a word than when they appear in the beginning or middle of the word. The version used at the end of a word is referred to as Final Kaf, Final Mem, etc. The version of the letter on the left is the final version. In all cases except Final Mem, the final version has a long tail.
有些字母有两种写法。Kaf, Mem, Nun, Pe 和 Tzade等字母出现在一个词的末端的时候，与它们出现在一个词的开头或中间的时候是完全不同的。Kaf、Mem等字母用于词尾的时候，是指位于词尾的Kaf和位于词尾的Mem的写法。位于左边的字母是采用该字母位于词尾的写法。除了位于词尾的Mem以外，所有在词尾的字母都有一条长尾巴。

Like most early Semitic alphabetic writing systems, the alefbet has no vowels. People who are fluent in the language do not need vowels to read Hebrew, and most things written in Hebrew in Israel are written without vowels. However, the rabbis realized the need for aids to pronunciation, so they developed a system of dots and dashes called n'kudot (points). These dots and dashes are written above or below the letter, in ways that do not alter the spacing of the line. Text containing these markings is referred to as "pointed" text.
像大多数早期闪族人的字母文字系统一样，希伯莱语字母没有元音。会流利地使用这种语言的人都无需用元音去读希伯来语。在以色列，大多数用希伯莱语写的文字都没有写上元音。然而，拉比却意识到要有助于发音，所以他们发展出一套点点划划的系统，称为n'kudot（点集）。这些点点划划就加在字母的上面或下面，不改变每行的间距。包含这些标记的文本就称为“尖角”文本。

Some Hebrew letters have two pronunciations. Bet, Kaf, and Pe have a "hard" sound (the first sound) and a "soft" sound (the second sound). In pointed texts, these letters have dots in the center when they are to be pronounced with the hard sound.
有些希伯莱字母有两种读法。Bet, Kaf和 Pe带有一个“硬”音（头一个发音）和一个“软”音（第二个发音）。在尖角文本里面，这些字母要发硬音的时候，都在中央画上点。

The style of writing commonly seen in Hebrew books. It is referred to as block print or sometimes Assyrian text.
书写风格都普遍地在希伯莱语的书上看得到。它同样是在木板印刷，或者有时候是亚述语文献上提及到。

For sacred documents, such as torah scrolls or the scrolls inside tefillin and mezuzot, there is a special writing style with "crowns" (crows-foot-like marks coming up from the upper points) on many of the letters. This style of writing is known as STA"M (an abbreviation for "Sifrei Torah, Tefillin and Mezuzot," which is where you will see that style of writing. For more information about the STA"M alphabet, including illustrations and relevant rules, see Hebrew Alphabet used in writing STA"M.
对于宗教文献，例如是《托拉》，或者是放在经文护符匣和经文小匣子里面的书卷上，很多字母上面有一种“王冠”的特别书写方式（上端的点上出现捞钩形状的标记）。这种书写方式被认为是STA"M（“托拉、经文护符匣和经文小匣子”的一种缩写词），可以从中看到书写的方式。要获得有关STA"M字母表的更多资料，包括图解和相关的规则，可以参看用于书写STA"M的希伯莱字母。

The process of writing Hebrew words in the Roman (English) alphabet is known as 'transliteration'. Transliteration is more an art than a science, and opinions on the correct way to transliterate words vary widely. This is why the Jewish festival of lights (in Hebrew, Chet-Nun-Kaf-He) is spelled Chanukah, Chanukkah, Hanuka, and many other interesting ways. Each spelling has a legitimate phonetic and orthographic basis; none is right or wrong.
用罗马（英语）字母书写希伯莱语字词的过程就称为“音译”。音译更加像一门艺术，而不是科学。音译单词的方式可以是差异非常大的。这就是为何犹太人的光明节（希伯莱语是Chet-Nun-Kaf-He）会拼写成Chanukah, Chanukkah或Hanuka，还有其他很多有趣的方式。每种拼写都是符合语音学的，而且还基本上拼字正确；没有一个是对或者是错。

Early Hebrew was the alphabet used by the Jewish nation in the period before the Babylonian Exile--i.e., prior to the 6th century BC--although some inscriptions in this alphabet may be of a later date. Several hundred inscriptions exist. As is usual in early alphabets, Early Hebrew exists in a variety of local variants and also shows development over time; the oldest example of Early Hebrew writing, the Gezer Calendar, dates from the 10th century BC, and the writing used varies little from the earliest North Semitic alphabets.
早期的希伯莱语是犹太民族在流亡巴比伦之前所使用的字母文字——比如是早于公元前6世纪——尽管一些这种文字的碑铭是较晚的时候了。有几百个碑铭存在。正如通常的早期字母文字一样，早期的希伯莱语存在着不同的地区性变化，也表明了是随着时间而发展；早期希伯莱语书写的最古老例子，是源于公元前10世纪的农耕历，书写方式也与最早期的北部闪特特字母文字稍有不同。

The Early Hebrew alphabet, like the modern Hebrew variety, had 22 letters, with only consonants represented, and was written from right to left; but the early alphabet is more closely related in letter form to the Phoenician than to the modern Hebrew. Its only surviving descendant is the Samaritan alphabet, still used by a few hundred Samaritan Jews.
早期的希伯莱语字母，就像现代变化的希伯莱语一样，有22个字母，只用来表示字音，是从右往左书写；但是早期字母在形式上比现代的希伯莱语更接近腓尼基文字；它只是在撒马利亚语的后裔中幸存下来，仍然被数百个撒马利亚犹太人使用。

Between the 6th and 2nd century BC, Classical, or Square, Hebrew gradually displaced the Aramaic alphabet, which had replaced Early Hebrew in Palestine. Square Hebrew became established in the 2nd and 1st centuries BC and developed into the modern Hebrew alphabet over the next 1,500 years.
在公元前6世纪到公元前2世纪之间，古典的，或者是正规的希伯莱语渐渐地取代了已经在巴勒斯坦取代了早期希伯莱语的亚拉姆语字母体系。正规的希伯莱语于公元前2世纪到公元前1世纪的时候确立起来，在随后的1500多年间发展成现代希伯莱语字母体系。

It was apparently derived from the Aramaic alphabet rather than from Early Hebrew but was nonetheless strongly influenced by the Early Hebrew script.
很显然，它更多的是得自于阿拉姆语字母，而不是早期希伯莱语。尽管如此，还是受到早期希伯莱手稿的强烈影响。

Classical Hebrew showed three distinct forms by the 10th century AD: Square Hebrew, a formal or book hand; rabbinical or "Rashi-writing," employed by medieval Jewish scholars; and various local cursive scripts, of which the Polish-German type became the modern cursive form.
在公元10世纪，古典希伯莱语表现出三种截然不同的形式：正规希伯莱语，一种正式场合或书面形式的希伯莱语；拉比式希伯莱语或者是“拉比式写法”，被中世纪的犹太学者采用；还有各种不同的地方性草书，其中波兰—德国的风格变成了现代草书风格。

0. Fool 愚蠢的	Aleph	Bull / Ox 公牛	Age of Taurus 金牛座时期
1. Magician 魔术师	Beth / Bet	House 马	Location 位置
2. High Priestess 祭司 长	Gimel / Gimmel	Camel  骆驼	means of transportation 交通工 具
3. Empress 皇后	Daleth / Dallet	Door 门	passage through / womb  穿过/ 子宫

4. Emperor 皇帝	Heh	Window 窗户	letting in light 光线进入
5. Heirophant 教皇	Vav / Vau / Vahv	nail / hook 钉子/钩	joins parts together 把各部分 连起来
6. Lovers 爱人	Zain / Zayin / Zy-in	Sword 剑	cuts / discrimination 切割/ 分辨

7. Chariot 战车

Cheth / Chet

the fence enclosing enclosing a field 用栅栏把一块田地 围起

Home 家园

8. Strength 力量	Teth / Teht	Snake 蛇	source of illusion / reincarnation   幻觉的源头/ 化身
9. Hermit 隐士	Yod / Yud	open hand 伸手	Power 力量
10. Wheel of Fortune 财富之轮	Kaph  (a curve)	closed hand  缩手	to hold on to  坚持

11. Justice 正义

Lamed / Lahmed

ox-goad / to teach and instruct / education Justice is not blind! 赶牛用的刺棒/教 导和指引/正义的 教育不使人盲目！

goads Aleph （赶牲口用的） 刺棒

12. Hanged Man 悬挂 的人	Mem / Mehm	Sea 海洋	Birth 出生
13. Death 死亡	Nun	Fish 鱼	to sprout and grow / fertility 萌 芽和成长/ 肥沃
14. Temperance 节欲	Samekh / Sah-mech	tent peg 帐篷桩	Upholds 支持，赞成
15. Devil  魔鬼	Ayin / Eye-in	eye / foundation 眼 睛/ 基础	seeing appearances only 只看 到外表

16. Tower 塔，城堡	Peh	mouth as the organ of speech / the power of utterance 作为说话器官的 口/说话的力量	speech / talking  说话
17. Star 恒星	Tzaddi / Tzah-dee	fish hook 鱼钩	draws #13 fish out of #12 water 从#12水中把#13鱼钓上来
18. Moon 月亮	Qoph / Koph / Ooph	back of head 后脑	discernment / thought  洞察力/思想

19. Sun 太阳	Resh	face of man 人的面 孔	Countenance  面容
20. Judgement 审判	Shin	Tooth 牙齿	serpent’s fang / the Holy Letter (refers to #8) 大毒蛇的毒牙/ 神圣的字母（引自#8）
21. World  世界	Tav / Tau / Tahv	signature / mark 信 号/ 标记	Salvation 拯救

Secrets of the Hebrew Letters
希伯莱字母的秘密

According to Stan Tenen these gestures and the position of "The Light in the Meeting Tent" will yield these specific letters.
根据斯坦 特纳所说，这些“会幕里的光”的姿态和位置，会产生出这些特殊的字母。

When Tenen broke the first word of Genesis into its 'subatomic particles' (the word is actually comprised of two smaller words, meaning "fire" and "six-edged thorn"), he took the "thorn" to mean a tetrahedron and constructed a model of it, placing the "fire," or torus "vortex" form, inside. Tenen noticed that the model, which he calls "The Light In the Meeting Tent" also reflected the polarity of perfect symmetry (the tetrahedron) and asymmetry (the vortex form). As he studied it, he discovered it was even more multifaceted than he had realized. "When I looked through the faces of the tetrahedron at the vortex, each view displayed a different letter in the Hebrew alphabet," he says. And," he mentions almost casually," I realized the 27 gestures that accompany the letters correspond to the 27 'preferred' pointing directions used in hyper-dimensional space."
当特纳把创世纪的首个单词拆分成“亚原子粒子”（这个词事实上是由两个较小的单词组成，意思分别是“火”和“六角形”），他用“角”这个词来代表一个四面体，并且为它建立了模型，把“火”，或者是花托状的“旋涡”放在里面。特纳注意到这种模式，他称之为“会幕里的光”，也反映出完美对称的极性（四面体）和不对称性（旋涡形状）。他进行研究的时候，发现它甚至比他所想的具有更加多个面。“当我在旋涡下看穿四面体的各个面的时候，每一个面都展现出希伯莱字母表里不同的字母，”他说。此外，他偶尔谈起的时候说：“我意识到27种姿态都与相随的27个‘首选’字母相对应，利用多维空间来指示方向。”

According to Stan Tenen these gestures and the position of "The Light in the Meeting Tent" will yield these specific letters.
根据斯坦 特纳所说，这些“会幕里的光”的姿态和位置，会产生出这些特殊的字母。

When Tenen broke the first word of Genesis into its 'subatomic particles' (the word is actually comprised of two smaller words, meaning "fire" and "six-edged thorn"), he took the "thorn" to mean a tetrahedron and constructed a model of it, placing the "fire," or torus "vortex" form, inside. Tenen noticed that the model, which he calls "The Light In the Meeting Tent" also reflected the polarity of perfect symmetry (the tetrahedron) and asymmetry (the vortex form). As he studied it, he discovered it was even more multifaceted than he had realized. "When I looked through the faces of the tetrahedron at the vortex, each view displayed a different letter in the Hebrew alphabet," he says. And," he mentions almost casually," I realized the 27 gestures that accompany the letters correspond to the 27 'preferred' pointing directions used in hyper-dimensional space."
当特纳把创世纪的首个单词拆分成“亚原子粒子”（这个词事实上是由两个较小的单词组成，意思分别是“火”和“六角形”），他用“角”这个词来代表一个四面体，并且为它建立了模型，把“火”，或者是花托状的“旋涡”放在里面。特纳注意到这种模式，他称之为“会幕里的光”，也反映出完美对称的极性（四面体）和不对称性（旋涡形状）。他进行研究的时候，发现它甚至比他所想的具有更加多个面。“当我在旋涡下看穿四面体的各个面的时候，每一个面都展现出希伯莱字母表里不同的字母，”他说。此外，他偶尔谈起的时候说：“我意识到27种姿态都与相随的27个‘首选’字母相对应，利用多维空间来指示方向。”

According to Stan Tenen these gestures and the position of "The Light in the Meeting Tent" will yield these specific letters.
根据斯坦 特纳所说，这些“会幕里的光”的姿态和位置，会产生出这些特殊的字母。

The Hebrew languages refer to a variety of Canaanite languages and dialects historically spoken by various peoples in the region of Canaan whom Abrahamic religion believes to have been Hebrews who emigrated from the Chaldees. These different languages were not necessarily more or less related to each other than to other Canaanite languages, and their traditional distinction as Hebrew languages is almost purely by religious belief.Of the varieties of Hebrew, only one - Modern Hebrew - is used as a spoken language today, and is one of the official languages of the State of Israel. A few others survive as liturgical languages, but are otherwise not actively used in daily life.
希伯莱语提到了多种的迦南语，是历史上被居住在迦南地区不同的人们所使用的语言，据说信奉亚伯拉罕宗教的希伯莱人从迦勒底人那里迁移到迦南。除了迦南语以外，这些不同的语言相互之间并没有或多或少的必要联系。它们传统上的分别就像希伯莱语言一样，几乎是纯粹是由于宗教信仰。各种不同的希伯莱语中，只有一种——现代希伯莱语——今天被作为口语而使用，也是以色列国的其中一种官方语言。其他几种则作为礼拜用的语言而保存下来，但并没有活跃地用于日常生活中。

Hebrew Languages Wikipedia
希伯莱语相关

 

 

ISRAEL
以色列

LANGUAGES
语言

LANGUAGES & SCRIPTS INDEX
语言和手稿索引

SOCIAL SCIENCES
社会科学

 

ALPHABETICAL INDEX OF ALL FILES
依字母顺序排列的所有文件

CRYSTALINKS MAIN PAGE
水晶网主页

CRYSTALINKS MAILING LIST, NEWSLETTER, UPDATES
水晶网邮件发送清单、时事通讯、资料更新

PSYCHIC READING WITH ELLIE
埃莉的精神阅读

原来希伯莱语并没有元音字母，真是一种特别的语言。
为什么会只有辅音，没有元音呢？可能神是不可说的，辅音只是代表“气”，代表纯粹由空气发出的摩擦声，也有可能说明上帝是表示空性。希伯莱语是利用字母表的三十二个字母来表示神的三十二个特征和犹太秘教的卡巴拉生命树。原本只有子音，可能后来才逐渐发展成元音。

为什么希伯莱语会有“会幕里的光”的秘密呢？难道犹太人懂得用多维空间来代表方位，用字母来表示各个不同的位置，还是代表分子结构？希伯莱语也许是谜一般的语言。

希伯莱语共有22个字母,他们皆为辅音字母.但事实上,任何一门用口表述的语言,若没有元音,根本就不可能藉声带发出声音来,希伯莱语自然也不例外.

原来,当人们用一种语言交流时,并不去思想和理会单字,字母,单词,甚至语句中,哪一个部分是元音,哪一个部分是辅音的.用同一种语言的人,他们很自然地在同一种语言中交流,彼此并没有隔阂.

是的,希伯莱语的元音就藏在其辅音中,有关这个问题,我们留待以后再讨论. （希伯莱语的元音就藏在其辅音中，这藏在辅音中的元音也变成了“犹太神秘主义卡巴拉”。）

见“希伯莱语网站”：
http://www.joshuachina.org/course/course.htm